Casper Schalkwijk

Professor

Prof. Casper Schalkwijk studied chemistry at University Utrecht and graduated in biochemistry. At the same university he obtained his PhD in 1992. He did post-graduate training in endothelial cell biology at TNO-PG in Leiden. He was appointed in 1995 as assistant professor and staff member at the Department of Clinical Chemistry at the Vrije Universiteit Medical Cente in Amsterdam and from 2004 as associate professor. He has led the Vascular Unit. He moved to the Department of Internal Medicine at Maastricht University in 2005, where he is heading the Laboratory for Metabolism and Vascular Medicine (~15fte). He was appointed as Professor of Experimental Internal Medicine at the Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML) of Maastricht UMC+ in 2011.

His main research themes are obesity, insulin resistance, endothelial function and vascular complications. The importance of endothelial dysfunction for the development of diabetic complications is studied in epidemiological setting with the availability of several cohorts and with experimental ex-vivo -, animal - and cell work. He has led several clinical studies. A major aim of his programme is to deliver specific and sensitive diagnostic biomarkers for the identification of patients developing  type 2 diabetes and to identify patients with high risk of vascular complications. Robust analytical techniques for measurements of biomarkers with multi-array technology and with UPLC-MSMS are available. A second aim of his programme is to obtain insight in the pathophysiology of vascular complications in diabetes. His current studies focus mainly on the importance non-enzymatic glycation for the development of diabetes and diabetic complications. He discovered, as one of the first, the link between AGEs and vascular complications in individuals with and without diabetes. He is an (inter)nationally recognised expert in the field of glycation. His lab is one of the most renowned labs in this field.The work has been supported by several grants and is now granted by the Diabetes Fonds Nederland, EFSD, NWO, ZonMw and NVWA.

Department of Internal Medicine
Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht
PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht
Room number: 5.324
T: +31(0)43 388 21 86

  • 2011
    • Engelen, L., Lund, S. S., Ferreira, I., Tarnow, L., Parving, H.-H., Gram, J., Winther, K., Pedersen, O., Teerlink, T., Barto, R., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Vaag, A. A., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2011). Improved glycemic control induced by both metformin and repaglinide is associated with a reduction in blood levels of 3-deoxyglucosone in nonobese patients with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Endocrinology, 164(3), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-0851
    • Thewissen, M. M. G. L., Damoiseaux, J. G. M. C., Duijvestijn, A. M., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Feskens, E. J., Blaak, E. E., Schalkwijk, C. G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Tervaert, J. W., & Ferreira, I. (2011). Abdominal Fat Mass Is Associated With Adaptive Immune Activation: The CODAM Study. Obesity, 19(8), 1690-1698. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.337
    • Calder, P. C., Ahluwalia, N., Brouns, F., Buetler, T., Clement, K., Cunningham, K., Esposito, K., Jonsson, L. S., Kolb, H., Lansink, M., Marcos, A., Margioris, A., Matusheski, N., Nordmann, H., O'Brien, J., Pugliese, G., Rizkalla, S., Schalkwijk, C. G., Tuomilehto, J., ... Winklhofer Roob, B. M. (2011). Dietary factors and low-grade inflammation in relation to overweight and obesity. British Journal of Nutrition, 106(S3), S5-S78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511005460
    • van Bussel, B. C. T., Schouten, F., Henry, R. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., de Boer, M. R., Ferreira, I., Smulders, Y. M., Twisk, J. W., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2011). Endothelial Dysfunction and Low-Grade Inflammation Are Associated With Greater Arterial Stiffness Over a 6-Year Period. Hypertension, 58(4), 588-595. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.174557
    • van Bussel, B. C. T., Henry, R. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., Ferreira, I., Feskens, E. J., Streppel, M. T., Smulders, Y. M., Twisk, J. W., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2011). Fish consumption in healthy adults is associated with decreased circulating biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation during a 6-year follow-up. Journal of Nutrition, 141(9), 1719-1725. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.139733
    • Nin, J. W., Jorsal, A., Ferreira, I., Schalkwijk, C. G., Prins, M. H., Parving, H. H., Tarnow, L., Rossing, P., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2011). Higher Plasma Levels of Advanced Glycation End Products Are Associated With Incident Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality in Type 1 Diabetes: A 12-year follow-up study. Diabetes Care, 34(2), 442-447. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1087
    • Engelen, L., Persson, F., Ferreira, I., Rossing, P., Hovind, P., Teerlink, T., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Parving, H. H., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2011). Irbesartan treatment does not influence plasma levels of the advanced glycation end products N(epsilon)(1-carboxymethyl)lysine and N(epsilon)(1-carboxyethyl)lysine in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. A randomized controlled trial.Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 26(11), 3573-3577. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr102
    • Brouwers, O., Niessen, P. M., Ferreira, I., Miyata, T., Scheffer, P. G., Teerlink, T., Schrauwen, P., Brownlee, M., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2011). Overexpression of Glyoxalase-I Reduces Hyperglycemia-induced Levels of Advanced Glycation End Products and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats.Journal of Biological Chemistry, 286(2), 1374-1380. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.144097
    • Brouwers, M. C., Troutt, J. S., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Ferreira, I., Feskens, E. J., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Schaper, N. C., Schalkwijk, C. G., Konrad, R. J., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2011). Plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 is not altered in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus, but its relationship with non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B may be modified by type 2 diabetes mellitus: The CODAM study. Atherosclerosis, 217(1), 263-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.023
    • Jacobs, M., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Ferreira, I., Blaak, E. E., Feskens, E. J., Jansen, E. H., Schalkwijk, C. G., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2011). The association between the metabolic syndrome and peripheral, but not coronary, artery disease is partly mediated by endothelial dysfunction: the CODAM study.European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 41(2), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02392.x
    • Cnossen, T. T., Gladziwa, U., van de Kerkhof, J. J., Schalkwijk, C. G., Scheijen, J., van Amersfoort, J., Moret, K. E., Beerenhout, C. H., & Kooman, J. P. (2011). THE INFLUENCE OF BICARBONATE/LACTATE-BUFFERED PD FLUIDS ON N-epsilon-(CARBOXYETHYL)LYSINE AND N-epsilon-(CARBOXYMETHYL)LYSINE IN PERITONEAL EFFLUENT. Peritoneal Dialysis International, 31(2), 189-193. https://doi.org/10.3747/pdi.2010.00009
  • 2010
    • Nur, E., Brandjes, D. P., Schnog, J.-J. B., Otten, H.-M., Fijnvandraat, K., Schalkwijk, C. G., & Biemond, B. J. (2010). Plasma levels of advanced glycation end products are associated with haemolysis-related organ complications in sickle cell patients. British Journal of Haematology, 151(1), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08320.x
    • Kristensen, P. L., Pedersen-Bjergaard, U., Schalkwijk, C., Olsen, N. V., & Thorsteinsson, B. (2010). Erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor as risk markers for severe hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. European Journal of Endocrinology, 163(3), 391-398. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-0464
    • Nin, J. W., Jorsal, A., Ferreira, I., Schalkwijk, C. G., Prins, M. H., Parving, H. H., Tarnow, L., Rossing, P., & Stehouwer, C. D. (2010). Higher plasma soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE) levels are associated with incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetes: a 12-year follow-up study. incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in type 1 diabetes: a 12-yr follow-up study. Diabetes, 59(8), 2027-2032. https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-1509
    • Brouwers, O., Niessen, P. M., Haenen, G. R. M. M., Miyata, T., Brownlee, M., Stehouwer, C. D. A., de Mey, J. G. R., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2010). Hyperglycaemia-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in rat mesenteric arteries is mediated by intracellular methylglyoxal levels in a pathway dependent on oxidative stress.Diabetologia, 53(5), 989-1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1677-0
    • Hartog, J. W. L., van de Wal, R. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., Miyata, T., Jaarsma, W., Plokker, H. W. T., van Wijk, L. M., Smit, A. J., van Veldhuisen, D. J., & Voors, A. A. (2010). Advanced glycation end-products, anti-hypertensive treatment and diastolic function in patients with hypertension and diastolic dysfunction. European journal of heart failure, 12(4), 397-403. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq001
    • Engelen, L., Ferreira, I., Gaens, K. H. J., Henry, R. M. A., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Heine, R. J., 't Hart, L. M., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., van der Kallen, C. J. H., Blaak, E. E., Feskens, E. J. M., ten Cate, H., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2010). The association between the-374T/A polymorphism of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts gene and blood pressure and arterial stiffness is modified by glucose metabolism status: the Hoorn and CoDAM studies. Journal of Hypertension, 28(2), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283330931
    • Persson, F., Rossing, P., Reinhard, H., Juhl, T., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Schalkwijk, C. G., Danser, A. H., Boomsma, F., Frandsen, E., & Parving, H. H. (2010). Optimal antiproteinuric dose of aliskiren in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised crossover trial. Diabetologia, 53(8), 1576-1580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1789-6
  • 2009
    • Burt, D., Bruno, G., Chaturvedi, N., Schalkwijk, C., Stehouwer, C. D., Witte, D. R., Fuller, J. H., Pinach, S., Cavallo Perin, P., & Gruden, G. (2009). Anti-Heat Shock Protein 27 Antibody Levels and Diabetic Complications in the EURODIAB Study. Diabetes Care, 32(7), 1269-1271. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-2271
    • Gruden, G., Bruno, G., Chaturvedi, N., Burt, D., Pinach, S., Schalkwijk, C., Stehouwer, C. D., Witte, D. R., Fuller, J. H., & Cavallo Perin, P. (2009). ANTI-HSP60 and ANTI-HSP70 antibody levels and micro/ macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Study. Journal of Internal Medicine, 266(6), 527-536. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02129.x
    • Gaens, K. H., Ferreira, I., van der Kallen, C. J., van Greevenbroek, M. M., Blaak, E. E., Feskens, E. J., Dekker, J. M., Nijpels, G., Heine, R. J., 't Hart, L. M., de Groot, P. G., Stehouwer, C. D., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2009). Association of polymorphism in the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) gene with circulating RAGE levels.Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94(12), 5174-5180. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2009-1067
    • van der Kallen, C. J., van Greevenbroek, M. M., Stehouwer, C. D., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2009). Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in the development of diabetes: is there a role for adipose tissue and liver?Apoptosis, 14(12), 1424-1434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-009-0400-4
    • Nin, J. W. M., Ferreira, I., Schalkwijk, C. G., Prins, M. H., Chaturvedi, N., Fuller, J. H., & Stehouwer, C. D. (2009). Levels of soluble receptor for AGE are cross-sectionally associated with cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes, and this association is partially mediated by endothelial and renal dysfunction and by low-grade inflammation: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study.Diabetologia, 52(4), 705-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1263-5
    • Jacobs, M., van Greevenbroek, M. M., van der Kallen, C. J., Ferreira, I., Blaak, E. E., Feskens, E. J., Jansen, E. H., Schalkwijk, C. G., & Stehouwer, C. D. (2009). Low-grade inflammation can partly explain the association between the metabolic syndrome and either coronary artery disease or severity of peripheral arterial disease: the CODAM study.European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 39(6), 437-444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02129.x
    • Scheijen, J. L. J. M., van de Waarenburg, M. P., Stehouwer, C. D., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2009). Measurement of pentosidine in human plasma protein by a single-column high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection.Journal of Chromatography B, 877(7), 610-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.01.022
    • Persson, F., Rossing, P., Reinhard, H., Juhl, T., Stehouwer, C. D., Schalkwijk, C., Danser, A. J., Boomsma, F., Frandsen, E., & Parving, H. H. (2009). Renal effects of aliskiren compared to and in combination with irbesartan in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and albuminuria. Diabetes Care, 32(10), 1873-1879. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0168
  • 2008
    • Persson, F., Rossing, P., Hovind, P., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Schalkwijk, C. G., Tarnow, L., & Parving, H. H. (2008). Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation predict development of diabetic nephropathy in the Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 diabetes and Microalbuminuria (IRMA 2) study. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Investigation, 68, 731-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365510802187226
    • Gruden, G., Bruno, G., Cahturvedi, N., Burt, D., Schalkwijk, C. G., Pinach, S., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Witte, D. R., Fuller, J. F., & Cavallo Perin, P. (2008). EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group Serum HSP27 and diabetes complications in the Eurodiab Prospective Complications Study: a novel circulating marker for diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes, 57, 1966-70. https://doi.org/10.2337/db08-0009
    • Lund, S. S., Tarnow, L., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Schalkwijk, C. G., Teerlink, T., Gram, J., Winther, K., Frandsen, M., Smidt, U. M., Pedersen, O., Parving, H. H., & Vaag, A. A. (2008). Impact of metformin versus repaglinide on non-glycemic cardiovascular risk markers related to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Endocrinology, 158, 631-41. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-07-0815
    • Astrup, A., Tarnow, L., Pietraszek, L., Schalkwijk, C. G., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Parving, H. H., & Rossing, P. (2008). Markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in type 1 diabetic patients with or without diabetic nephropathy followed for 10 years Association with mortality and decline of glomerular filtration rate. Diabetes Care, 31, 1170-6. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-1960
    • Brouwers, O., Teerlink, T., van Bezu, J., Barto, R., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2008). Methylglyoxal and methylglyoxal-arginine adducts do not directly inhibit endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1126, 231-4. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1433.017
    • Baumann, M., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Scheijen, J. L. J. M., Heemann, U., Struijker Boudier, H. A. J., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2008). N{epsilon}-(carboxymethyl)lysine during the early development of hypertension. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1126, 201-4. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1433.004
    • Persson, F., Rossing, P., Schjoedt, K. J., Juhl, T., Tarnow, L., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Schalkwijk, C. G., Boomsma, F., Frandsen, E., & Parving, H. H. (2008). Time course of the antiproteinuric and antihypertensive effects of direct renin inhibition in type 2 diabetes. Kidney International, 73, 1419-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2008.68
    • Meex, S. J., van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, J. V., van der Kallen, C. J. H., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Schalkwijk, C. G., Feskens, E. J. M., Blaak, E. E., Wijmenga, C., Hofker, M. H., Stehouwer, C. D., & de Bruin, T. W. (2008). Upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) in risk of type 2 diabetes: Association study in 2000 Dutch Caucasians. Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 94(3), 352-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.03.011
  • 2007
    • Meex, S. J., van Greevenbroek, M. M. J., Ayoubi, T. A., Vlietinck, R., van Vliet-Ostaptchouk, J. V., Hofker, M. H., Vermeulen, V. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., Feskens, E. J., Boer, J. M., Stehouwer, C. D., van der Kallen, C. J. H., & de Bruin, T. W. (2007). Activating transcription factor 6 polymorphisms and haplotypes are associated with impaired glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes in Dutch Caucasians. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(7), 2720-2725. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2280
    • Bruynzeel, A. M., Abou el Hassan, M. A., Schalkwijk, C., Berkhof, J., Bast, A., Niessen, H. W. M., & van der Vijgh, W. J. (2007). Anti-inflammatory agents and monoHER protect against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and accumulation of CML in mice. British Journal of Cancer, 96(6), 937-943. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603640
    • Schindhelm, R. K., Alssema, M., Scheffer, P. G., Diamant, M., Dekker, J. M., Barto, R., Nijpels, G., Kostense, P. J., Heine, R. J., Schalkwijk, C. G., & Teerlink, T. (2007). Fasting and postprandial glycoxidative and lipoxidative stress are increased in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 30(7), 1789-1794. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-2585
    • Ciapaite, J., Bakker, S. J., van Eikenhorst, G., Wagner, M. J., Teerlink, T., Schalkwijk, C. G., Fodor, M., Ouwens, DM., Diamant, M., Heine, R. J., Westerhoff, H. V., & Krab, K. (2007). Functioning of oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria of high-fat diet fed rats. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Basis of Disease, 1772(3), 307-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.10.018
    • Ciapaite, J., van Bezu, J., van Eikenhorst, G., Bakker, S. J., Teerlink, T., Diamant, M., Heine, R. J., Krab, K., Westerhoff, H. V., & Schalkwijk, C. G. (2007). Palmitate and oleate have distinct effects on the inflammatory phenotype of human endothelial cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1771(2), 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.12.005
    • Lund, S. S., Tarnow, L., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Schalkwijk, C. G., Frandsen, M., Smidt, U. M., Pedersen, O. F., Parving, H. H., & Vaag, A. (2007). Targeting hyperglycaemia with either metformin or repaglinide in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes: results from a randomized crossover trial. Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism, 9 (3), 394-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00713.x
  • 2006
    • Schalkwijk, C. G., & Stehouwer, C. D. (2006). PAI-1 inhibition in obesity and the metabolic syndrome: a promising therapeutic strategy. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 96(6), 698-699. https://doi.org/10.1160/th06-11-0631
    • Schalkwijk, C. G., Chaturverdi, N., Schram, M. T., Fuller, J. H., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2006). Re: Adiponectin and renal function: pitfalls of renal function estimates and corrections for BSA. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
    • Kooman, J. P., Schalkwijk, C. G., & Konings, C. J. A. M. (2006). The increase in plasma levels of Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine during icodextrin treatment of peritoneal dialysis patients is not associated with increased plasma levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Peritoneal Dialysis International, 26(3), 410-411. https://doi.org/10.1177/089686080602600322
  • 2005
    • Schram, M. T., Schalkwijk, C. G., Bootsma, A. H., Fuller, J. H., Chaturvedi, N., & Stehouwer, C. D. (2005). Advanced glycation end products are associated with pulse pressure in type 1 diabetes: the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Hypertension, 46(1), 232-237. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000164574.60279.ba
    • Schram, M. T., van Ittersum, F. J., Spoelstra-de Man, A. M., van Dijk, R. A. J. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., Ijzerman, R. G., Twisk, J. W. R., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2005). Aggressive antihypertensive therapy based on hydrochlorothiazide candesartan or lisinopril as initial choice in hypertensive type II diabetic individuals effects on albumin excretion endothelial function and inflammation in a double-blind randomized cl. Journal of Human Hypertension, 19, 429-437. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001812
    • de Jager, J., Kooy, A., Lehert, P., Bets, D., Wulffele, M. G., Teerlink, T., Scheffer, P. G., Schalkwijk, C. G., Donker, A. J., & Stehouwer, C. D. (2005). Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on markers of endothelial function and inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Internal Medicine, 257(1), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01420.x
    • Hemelaar, M., van der Mooren, M. J., van Baal, W. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., Kenemans, P., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2005). Effects of transdermal and oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on vascular function a randomized placebo-controlled study in healthy postmenopausal women. Menopause-The Journal of the North American Menopause Society, 12, 526-535. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.GME.0000153888.94399.AF
    • Konings, C. J. A. M., Schalkwijk, C. G., van der Sande, F. M., Leunissen, K. M. L., & Kooman, J. P. (2005). Influence of icodextrin on plasma and dialysate levels of N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine and N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine. Peritoneal Dialysis International, 25(6), 591-595. https://doi.org/10.1177/089686080502500616
    • Schram, M. T., Chaturvedi, N., Schalkwijk, C. G., Fuller, J. H., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & EURODIAB ProspectivE Compl.St., G. (2005). Markers of inflammation are cross-sectionally associated with microvascular complications and cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes--the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetologia, 48(2), 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-004-1628-8
    • Nanayakkara, P. W. B., Teerlink, T., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Allajar, D., Spijkerman, A. M. W., Schalkwijk, C. G., ter Wee, P. M., & van Guldener, C. (2005). Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) concentration is independently associated with carotid intima-media thickness and plasma soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) concentration in patients with mild-to-moderate renal failure. Kidney International, 68, 2230-2236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00680.x